The discharge of solid waste in waterways has become a major environmental issue, significantly impacting microbial along with algal populations. Algae and bacteria are essential elements of aquatic environments, facilitating primary production, nitrogen cycling, and the overall longevity of waterways. Nevertheless, trash, irrespective of being inorganic, organic, or a combination of both, can profoundly impact the structure along with activity of those communities. Organic waste, including nutrient-rich agricultural runoff as well as garbage, mostly contributes to eutrophication, resulting in toxic algal blooms that diminish O2 levels and damage aquatic ecosystems. Inorganic pollutants, including plastics, heavy metals, and other manmade pollutants, frequently have harmful impacts that disrupt microbe metabolism and adversely affect algal viability. Mixed garbage, frequently arising from industrial as well as urban drainage, pose distinct issues owing to the combined effects of many contaminants. This chapter analyses a variety of waste prevalent in aquatic environments, investigates the impact that they have on algae as well as microbial activity, then evaluates potential ways for alleviating such effects. Particular focus is directed towards new pollutants, including medications and personal care products, which influence the pattern of microbial along with algae interaction in marine and freshwater environments. This chapter seeks to elucidate the intricate links among waste kinds along with microbial/algal health, providing recommendations for future study and waste handling strategies.