With the severe challenge of global climate change, the accuracy and transparency of carbon emission data have become the focus of social attention. This paper first introduced the application background and research challenges of blockchain technology (BCT) in carbon emission data verification and green electricity trading market, and then elaborated on the blockchain-based carbon emission data verification method and green electricity trading market simulation model. Through empirical research, this paper verified the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method and discussed the experimental results. Finally, this paper summarized the research results, pointed out the shortcomings, and proposed the direction of future improvements. The experimental results show that the blockchain-based carbon emission data verification method can significantly improve the accuracy of the data, and its green electricity transaction processing efficiency is 63–95, reducing the certification cost and time. At the same time, the green electricity trading market simulation model also demonstrates the potential of BCT in improving market transparency, reducing transaction costs and enhancing regulatory capabilities.