Shrimp farming success hinges on two primary inputs: seed and feed. In traditional shrimp farming, seeds were naturally obtained from tidal waters, limiting scalability and reliability. During the early stages of scientific shrimp farming, particularly in Southeast Asia, tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) was the dominant species being cultivated. Farmers primarily relied on wild-caught seeds, and the scarcity of these seeds proved to be a major limiting factor in the development of the industry during the early 1980s. Although experimental hatcheries emerged in the late 1970s, it was not until the late 1980s that commercial hatcheries became established. Initially, egg production in hatcheries depended on fully mature wild spawners, with subsequent advancements enabling the maturation of immature wild broodstock. By the late 1990s, the shrimp farming sector faced a significant challenge due to the outbreak of bacterial and viral diseases. By 2000, most major shrimp-producing countries in Southeast Asia transitioned to farming L. vannamei by importing SPF broodstock, which allowed them to produce disease-free seed locally. In India, the government permitted the full-scale importation of L. vannamei SPF broodstock in 2009 under strict quarantine measures. SPF broodstock helped control vertical transmission of pathogens (from broodstock to larvae), though horizontal transmission (within hatcheries and farms) remained a challenge, necessitating high levels of biosecurity in shrimp hatcheries. Biosecurity measures focus on preventing pathogens from entering via seawater, wild broodstock, wet feeds and larval diets such as algae and Artemia nauplii, as well as controlling human and vehicle movement. A strict disinfection protocol is implemented for all materials entering the hatchery. During the 20 to 30-day larval rearing period, continuous health monitoring of the larvae at physical, behavioural, microscopic and molecular levels is essential to ensure a pathogen-free status. As seed quality is vital for sustaining shrimp farm production, maintaining high standards at every critical control point of larval production is crucial. Strict adherence to established biosecurity and health protocols ensures the production of healthy, high-quality shrimp larvae for successful shrimp farming.