Globally, shrimp aquaculture is a rapidly growing, vibrant enterprise. In India, since the introduction of the exotic Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, in 2009, substantial progress has been realized by shrimp aquaculture during the past decade and has made a significant contribution to the national economy. The growing demand from the farming sector has led to a trend in the intensification of Indian shrimp culture. However, the escalation of culture practice has aggravated various disease problems, and since 2011, Penaeus vannamei farms in India have been facing continuous mortalities and morbidities due to various diseases. The increasing incidences of diseases are significant challenges to shrimp rearing systems, and the success of shrimp farming is threatened due to continuous epidemics in the shrimp farming sector. In addition to infectious diseases, shrimp aquaculture in India has been confronting certain syndromes with unknown etiology that are constantly causing mortality or reduced growth, thereby incurring severe economic losses to shrimp farmers. Syndromes such as white feces syndrome (WFS), Running mortality syndrome (RMS), Black gill syndrome, and White muscle syndrome (WMS) affecting productivity are being reported from shrimp culture ponds. As the literature on disease syndromes is scant, more efforts are needed on researchable issues related to these syndromes to develop preventive health management strategies to curtail production losses in shrimp aquaculture settings. Hence, in this chapter, details on disease syndromes reported from shrimp farming are presented.