Natural polymers have emerged as adaptable and sustainable materials for drug delivery systems, with important benefits such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and controlled drug release. This chapter presents an in-depth discussion of the numerous forms of natural polymers, including polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, as well as their distinctive features, making them great candidates for various drug delivery applications. The approaches by which natural polymers allow for controlled and targeted drug delivery, including diffusion, swelling, and stimulus-responsive systems, are thoroughly explored. Key uses of natural polymers are explored, such as their usage in oral, transdermal, injectable, and targeted drug delivery systems, as well as recent advances in nanotechnology and bio-inspired systems. This chapter emphasizes the benefits of natural polymers, such as their low toxicity, patient compliance, and environmental sustainability, while also discussing the obstacles connected with their use, such as stability, scalability, and regulatory issues. Furthermore, emerging developments such as smart polymer systems and hybrid formulations mixing natural and synthetic polymers are analyzed, demonstrating the inventiveness and promise of these materials. Furthermore, the regulatory environment for drug delivery systems based on natural polymers is examined, emphasizing the need for safety and biocompatibility. This chapter ends with a discussion of potential directions and a focus on the use of natural polymers in precision drug delivery, customized medicine, and the creation of next-generation therapeutic systems. This thorough review emphasizes how important natural polymers are to the development of drug delivery methods, which opens the door to more efficient and long-lasting medical interventions.