The global energy demand is rapidly increasing, driving extensive research efforts to develop highly efficient energy storage devices. Among these, supercapacitors and batteries are the two most widely used energy storage systems (ESS). The performance of these ESSs is directly influenced by the properties of their key components, including electrodes, separators, and electrolytes. Recent studies highlight the crucial role of low-dimensional materials in enhancing the performance of batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid ESS, owing to their larger surface area, superior ionic mobility, and enhanced electronic conductivity. However, while nanoparticles as individual units offer significant advantages, they also exhibit certain limitations. These shortcomings can be effectively addressed by integrating nanomaterials of different dimensionalities, each possessing distinct physical and chemical properties. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of low-dimensional materials, including 0D, 1D, and 2D structures, along with their composites and hybrids in combination with conventional electrode and current collector materials for batteries and supercapacitors. It begins with a discussion on the working mechanisms of supercapacitors and batteries, followed by an in-depth analysis of research advancements in pristine 0D, 1D, and 2D materials, as well as their composites and hybrid structures for energy storage applications. This chapter serves as a valuable reference for researchers engaged in the development of next-generation energy storage devices.