This chapter delves into household energy consumption behavior and its determinants, aiming to offer a scientific basis for effective energy-saving policies. Through extensive surveys and analyses of household energy use in China and Western countries, it employs questionnaires, models, and data analysis to uncover behavioral patterns, decision-making processes, and influencing factors. The research reveals that economic incentives, environmental awareness, social norms, information feedback, and policy interventions shape household energy consumption behavior. Notably, timely information feedback and proper economic incentives can significantly boost energy-saving actions. Moreover, there are clear differences in energy-saving technology adoption and behavior between Chinese and Western households, closely related to regional economic levels, policy settings, and cultural contexts. The chapter also highlights the importance of energy-saving policies in guiding household energy consumption behavior and proposes targeted policy recommendations. These include enhancing the economic viability of energy-saving technologies, boosting information dissemination to raise household energy-saving awareness, and refining energy-pricing mechanisms. Such measures can help cut energy waste, boost efficiency, and contribute to global carbon-reduction goals.