Using East India Company documents long held in the British Library, this chapter teases out the granular circumstances of the 1799 arrival of 25,000 migrants and refugees at the place in Bengal now called Cox’s Bazaar. Thus, 225 years ago we see foreshadowed the recent arrival of 750,000 migrant refugees from Northern Arakan in Rakine State of Myanmar. These documents detail a struggle over their repatriation, their need for protective self-organization, their search for land, for work, and for food, and their unstable relations with their former leaders who want their labour. Also revealed are the powerful Company’s delicate relations with the Royal Court near Mandalay. The migrants, some of whom who were later called “Rohingya,” were incidental to a larger drama when, 24 years later, the Company decided to conquer the Arakan Coast, which was one step toward a British campaign to exert forceful control in 1880–1890 over the land which became known as Burma, crushing the Burma Army. Like the tides, these waves of coerced migrants have been arriving in southeast Bengal, some staying and others returning to their homes in Burma, for more than 200 years.