Environmental pollutants have always been a major challenge to humanity. These ecological contaminants are the result of rapid industrialization and urbanization. From one generation to the next, efforts to reduce environmental pollutants have been ongoing, but the evolution of new types of contaminants continues to emerge over time. Heavy metals, dyes, radioactive nuclei, pesticides, xenobiotics, microplastics, and their derivates are some of the major pollutants. Different sources of microplastic (plastic pellets, personal care products, vehicle tire wear, plastic bags, and bottles), heavy metals (industrial sectors’ discharge such as mineral extraction activities, coal-based power plants, and battery manufacturing, as well as electroplating processes), emission of metallic ions such as Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (Ar), and Mercury (Hg), pesticides (agricultural application of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and rodenticides), dyes (application in food, textile, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and leather), and many more sources are discussed in the chapter. The unintended exposure to such widely spread contaminants causes deleterious effects on human bodies, resulting in the incidence and progression of many diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to highlighting the importance of awareness about these contaminants’ remediation to ensure a safe, sustainable environment.