Water is the elixir of life. Population outburst, urbanization, and industrial development have created an irreversible pressure on the natural resources. This has caused severe degradation in the quality of natural water. Numerous anthropogenic factors have resulted in drastic increase of heavy metals in groundwater and ultimately in wastewater. Heavy metals are high atomic weight and density elements. Even though certain heavy metals are necessary for biological activities in trace amounts, their excessive concentrations may be toxic or even carcinogenic in some cases. Therefore, it is important to study the origin of heavy metals, their interactions with the environmental segments, mass exchange and transfer, speciation and various activities responsible for it. An account of metal-containing products used in industries, agriculture, and consumer goods should also be analysed for their life cycle assessment. The chapter provides the detailed information about the origin of the metal contamination which includes geogenic and anthropogenic sources like mining, manufacturing, agricultural, sewage, and other sources which contribute to its accumulation. The challenges for wastewater remediation in terms of metal completion and recovery are also discussed.