Black gram is one of the major pulse crops cultivated in India during both kharif and rabi seasons. Its cultivation is continuously being challenged by several biotic and abiotic stresses, which has widened the gap between its potential and realized yield. The extreme sensitivity of black gram to abiotic stresses, including high temperature, moisture stress and salinity along with auxiliary challenges of climate change including pre-harvest sprouting, and increased severity of diseases and pests, are the key issues in black gram breeding. Further, certain modifications in plant architectural features are required while breeding for plant types suitable for mechanical harvesting. Nowadays, market preferences based on the product profile of black gram is well characterized by seed size, appearance traits, battering quality, and reduced level of anti-nutritional factors. It necessitates a re-orientation of black gram breeding with a major emphasis on all these traits. Breeding offers a sustainable alternative to develop an ideal plant type of black gram with different combinations of desirable traits. This chapter discusses different developments in black gram breeding for major biotic, abiotic stresses, and quality traits reflecting the transition of black gram from an orphan legume to a mainstream crop.