Examination of the peripheral lymph nodes constitutes an important part of the physical examination. Although this book deals principally with pulmonary diseases, it is nevertheless important to have an overview of superficial (peripheral) lymphadenopathy. Lymphadenopathy refers to abnormality in lymph nodes—of either size (lymph node enlargement: LNE), consistency, or number (Ferrer, Am Fam Physician, 58(6):1313–1320, 1998). This chapter discusses the significance of generalised and localised lymph node enlargement, the significance of enlargement in specific lymph node stations, and how clinical and imaging features may be used to discriminate benign and malignant lymph nodes. The terms ‘lymphadenopathy’ and ‘lymph node enlargement’ will be used interchangeably.