This chapter explores roads, battles, and historical events in China’s Northwest and Southwest, focusing on geography and transportation networks. These regions, characterized by challenging plateaus and mountains, gave rise to expressions like “The road to Sichuan is harder than climbing to the sky”. The Guanzhong regionGuanzhong/Guanzhong plain/Guanzhong region, with its basin-like geography and rich resources, was ideal for ancient capitals. Strategic passes such as Hangu and Wu played key roles in military and political affairs. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the GuanzhongGuanzhong/Guanzhong plain/Guanzhong region transportation network, centered around Xianyang, facilitated China’s unification. Over time, the center shifted to Chang’anChang’an, evolving from historical paths to modern routes. The Shu Roads, linking Guanzhong and Sichuan, were vital for political, military, economic, and cultural exchanges, traversing the Qinling and Ba Mountains. These roads, including Ziwu, Tangluo, Baoxie, Micang, Yinping, and Jiange, were crucial for military movements and cultural interactions. The chapter highlights how transportation routes promoted ethnic integration, cultural dissemination, and economic development, impacting population distribution.