Nanotechnology leads agricultural innovation, offering solutions for plant protection and nutrition amid climate change. This chapter examines how nanotechnology provides climate-smart strategies to enhance agriculture. Nano-fertilizers revolutionize nutrient management by delivering precise nutrients to crops, boosting yields, and reducing fertilizer runoff, which contributes to water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Similarly, nano-pesticides offer effective pest control with less chemical use, aligning with climate-smart practices by lowering the carbon footprint of crop protection. Nanosensors are vital for adaptive agriculture, enabling real-time monitoring of plant health, soil, and water needs, allowing farmers to make informed decisions, optimize resources, and increase resilience to climate variability. The chapter also highlights nanotechnology’s role in water conservation through advanced irrigation and purification methods, essential in areas facing climate-induced water scarcity. Despite these benefits, integrating nanotechnology into agriculture poses challenges, including regulatory and safety concerns. This chapter addresses these issues while showcasing nanotechnology’s potential to transform agricultural practices. By focusing on plant protection and nutrition, it emphasizes nanotechnology’s promise to foster a sustainable and efficient future for food production.