In this paper, a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the solar energy-driven humidification–dehumidification desalination system is considered. This study shall be conducted to assess the performance, efficiency, and fresh water production potential in a system driven by renewable solar energy. Detailed thermodynamic modeling and simulation shall be used for optimizing design and operational parameters of the HDH system. During the process, important performance parameters like the gained output ratio, specific energy consumption, and freshwater production rate are followed very critically. The results show that hybridizing solar energy with the HDH desalination process increased its sustainability and cost-effectiveness very substantially. It further shows the efficiency of the system in harnessing solar energy, hence establishing it as a viable solution to the global fresh water scarcity. In particular, it identifies critical areas of improvement: mainly process heat recovery optimization and betterment of material properties at hand that will improve components of the system to further improve efficiency. This adds to the growing body of knowledge working toward the application of renewable energies to desalination and provides insight into future research directions and practical implementations toward sustainable water production. Results show that HDH systems powered by solar energy could turn out to be a sustainable and effective way of desalination, ushering in scope for further research in the field.