Biocompatible nanocomposites for vaccine delivery systems enable the sustained and targeted drug release. The vaccine delivery procedure protects, stabilizes and controls the immunizing agent which serves as adjuvants to improve the efficacy of vaccines. This chapter provides the complete review about the importance of nanobiomaterials in the development of vaccines and its delivery. Firstly, this chapter emphasizes about the lipid-based delivery vehicles, polymer-based delivery, hydrogels and microneedles-based delivery systems. Furthermore, the different delivery routes of these nanobiomaterials which influences the immune responses is also reviewed. In addition, the biocompatible nanocomposites used for the development of cancer vaccine, covid-19 vaccine, malaria vaccine, tuberculosis and hepatitis B vaccines. Throughout the chapter, the importance of biomaterials in vaccine delivery, its efficacy, limitations and advancements was highlighted. This chapter provides a different type of nanocomposites used in the delivery of vaccines, its mechanism of action, applications, challenges and future prospects in this evolving field.