Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition that leads to significant impairment in motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, severely affecting the quality of life of individuals worldwide. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of SCI, beginning with its impact on neurological function and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. We explore recent advances in SCI treatment and rehabilitation, highlighting a spectrum of strategies including neuroprotective therapies, surgical interventions, stem cell-based approaches, and rehabilitation techniques aimed at promoting functional recovery. Special focus is given to cutting-edge technologies such as electrical stimulation, neuroprosthetics (NPs), gene therapy, and tissue engineering, including the use of innovative biomaterials, that hold promise for neural repair and regeneration. Furthermore, this chapter explores the synergistic potential of combinational treatment strategies, with particular attention to their capacity to enhance treatment efficacy. It also provides a comprehensive overview of experimental models employed to assess therapeutic outcomes in SCI. Despite notable advancements in the field, significant challenges and limitations persist in the clinical management of SCI, which are critically examined herein. The chapter concludes by outlining future directions, underscoring the imperative for integrative and personalized treatment paradigms aimed at optimizing functional recovery and improving the overall quality of life for individuals affected by SCI.