This chapter takes a macro perspective on national and regional sustainable education trends drawing on evidence from the 7th Population Census in China. It investigates macro-level education development of the population, the alignment of educational functions, regional differences in population literacy, and migrant and left-behind children education in China. The study finds persistent gaps in cultural quality among populations across different provinces as well as huge regional differences in per-student education expenditure in rural compulsory education in China. The chapter concludes with final remarks that synthesize these findings, providing a nuanced understanding of the broader trends and challenges in sustainable education development across China.