This research justifies the advantages of improving the management of a research organization through the transformation of the organizational structure based on a project approach. The methodological foundation relies on systemic and project approaches, employing methods such as systematization, summarization, critical analysis, retrospective analysis, and SWOT analysis. The chosen research object is a sectoral research institute engaged in the research and production of lighting products for various consumer sectors. To conduct an in-depth analysis of the institute’s management system and organizational structure in alignment with development goals and market priorities, the authors analyzed its current state and activities in the lighting product market. The research identified features of research and testing processes, the level of development of the quality management system, the scope of responsibility, and the functionality of top management. Conclusions were drawn from the SWOT analysis regarding the institute’s problems and advantages in achieving strategic business tasks in the directions of “LED lighting development” and “Development of halogen and ultraviolet lamps.” The authors identified the main issues in the management system and organizational structure and substantiated the benefits of the project approach. The proposals for transforming the institute’s organizational structure presented in the research can be utilized by other similar sectoral research organizations to optimize organizational and managerial processes and research activities.