Technology is constantly evolving, big data technology has gradually established its indispensable position in the contemporary social structure, and its excellent data processing and in-depth analysis capabilities are leading the wave of change in all walks of life in an unprecedented way. In the field of education, which is related to the future of the country and the hope of the nation, extensive use of data technology also shows extraordinary potential and far-reaching value, especially in the innovation of education and learning system, which is gradually reshaping and optimizing the traditional teaching paradigm and learning path. This paper aims to deeply explore the practical application of big data technology, especially core frameworks such as Hadoop and Spark, as well as cutting-edge analysis technologies such as machine learning and data mining in educational learning systems. Through systematic analysis of how these technologies are cleverly integrated into the education scene, so as to achieve accurate capture, efficient processing and deep insight of learning data, and then provide strong technical support for the innovation of education mode, this paper strives to contribute theoretical reference and practical guidance for promoting the sustainable and healthy development of education. This not only helps to improve the efficiency of optimal allocation of educational resources, but also can personalized meet the diversified needs of learners, and finally achieve a double leap in education quality and efficiency.