With the rapid development of cloud computing technology, large-scale distributed network management faces unprecedented challenges. This research focuses on this issue and designs and implements a high-performance distributed network management system. The system adopts a microservices architecture and achieves core functions such as automatic network topology discovery, large-scale performance monitoring, and intelligent fault diagnosis. Experimental results show that the system can effectively manage 100,000 network nodes while maintaining excellent throughput and response time. Compared with traditional solutions, the new system has significant improvements in scalability, performance, and fault recovery capabilities, providing an innovative method for efficient management of complex network environments.