The pervasive existence of informal settlements worldwide necessitates rigorous examination of commonly used materials such as asbestos sheets, mud, bamboo and untreated wood, and their impact on indoor air quality (IAQ). This research adopts an interdisciplinary methodology, integrating architecture, environmental science and public health, to investigate the specific dynamics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM) in the Indian context. It underscores the potential health implications of these pollutants, particularly within urban slum environments. The study meticulously explores the detrimental health effects of prolonged exposure to indoor pollutants, revealing strong correlations between elevated concentrations of VOCs and PM and increased incidences of respiratory ailments, cardiovascular diseases and other severe health conditions. This exacerbates the already precarious health status of slum residents. Empirical data from case studies in Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi and other metropolitan areas illustrate the tangible impacts of indoor air pollution in Indian slums, highlighting an urgent need for comprehensive policies and targeted interventions to mitigate associated health risks. The findings aim to inform public health policies and promote the development of safer building practices in informal settlements. By addressing pollution sources both within and outside these environments, the study seeks to enhance living conditions and health outcomes for residents of informal settlements, thereby contributing to sustainable and inclusive urban development.