As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the role of technology in addressing global challenges is growing. From health to education and energy to industry, technology will both help and hinder our ability to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Technology will provide solutions to accelerate progress on the SDGs. Simultaneously, the design and deployment of technology requires progress across the SDG framework if we are to avoid catastrophic consequences and develop societies successfully in the long term. Solving for the complex, interrelated suite of the 17 SDGs will require new and innovative approaches. Central to pathways for achieving the SDGs are transformations in technology, resources, and incentive structures. At the heart of such transformations to new, sustainable futures are economic, social, and political dynamics. Many envisioned trajectories highlight the leveraging of new and innovative technologies toward positive ends, from the generation of clean power to the building of smart cities, better-designed and communicable health and education systems to more efficient or circular production systems reaping minimized wastes. Moreover, beyond these direct contributions, innovative technologies may also provide critical new pathways, tools, or solutions toward impactfully tackling challenges along the way. A rapid and precise international response will be required to truly accelerate action toward agreed-upon forms of global social and environmental progress by 2030. This process will call for the identification of and engagement around specific entry points for a science-to-society as well as science-to-policy focus and a strategic approach necessary to ensure that, indeed, no one is left behind.