The degradation of land due to unsustainable practices is a key factor in biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. In Mongolia, overgrazing, land use changes, and climate impacts are increasing desertification and land degradation, disrupting not only natural ecosystems but also deeply impacting the livelihoods and socio-economic well-being of rural communities. This chapter focuses on the role of sustainable land management (SLM) in overcoming these challenges, emphasizing how Mongolia’s rangelands, forests, and agricultural lands are undergoing ecological changes. The environmental sustainability index (ESI) and other land use assessments show the urgent need for integrated land management practices that balance human activities with ecological preservation. Through case studies, such as the Darkhan-Uul province, this chapter reflects the growing pressures on land resources and the important steps needed to rehabilitate ecosystems while supporting rural development. SLM practices can play a key role in achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those related to life on land, water conservation, and climate action.