The rapid expansion of the solar industry, which is the core part of the sustainable energy system, has made the stable supply of critical minerals a topic of attention globally. In this chapter, the growth trends of the solar industry in China and globally, the global distribution of critical minerals, and the major countries’ strategic positions in international trade patterns are discussed. The chapter also establishes a trade security index to measure the security of the global trade network and the strategic importance of countries. The study reported here shows that selenium has the highest trade risk, and risks in the trade network are gradually increasing. The countries that affect the stability of critical mineral trade in the solar industry are mainly major countries such as China, the United States, Japan, and South Korea, as well as those with a wealth of resources and major transit countries. In terms of policy, the United States has invested funds in tellurium and cadmium. China pays attention to bulk mineral energy resources, and European countries attach importance to rare metals.