The scarcity and uneven geographical distribution of critical mineral resources have intensified the global competition for control and rights over these resources, becoming a focal point in contemporary geopolitical struggles. Led by the United States, Western nations have implemented various measures to strengthen the trend of “camp-based” global resource governance in pursuit of critical minerals supply chain security. Concurrently, there is a rising trend of resource nationalism among major mineral-producing countries, exacerbating the competition for critical minerals and the geopolitical rivalry among great powers. This chapter analyses the current state of global competition for critical minerals, systematically examines the emerging geopolitical landscape surrounding these resources, and outlines the strategies and policies of major economies regarding critical minerals. It also delves into the complex domestic and international environment faced by China, exploring opportunities for and challenges in ensuring national resource security. The aim is to provide insights and references for understanding the evolving geopolitical dynamics related to critical minerals both now and in the future.