Plant genetic resources are essential for sustaining global food production and addressing agricultural challenges such as climate change, pest outbreaks, and declining biodiversity. The rich biodiversity of tropical and subtropical regions has historically contributed to the development of diverse crop varieties through natural and artificial selection. These genetic resources hold valuable traits, such as pest resistance and environmental stress tolerance, which are critical for developing superior crop varieties. However, the sustainable use and conservation of these resources require international cooperation and compliance with frameworks like the Nagoya Protocol and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. SATREPS have facilitated research, capacity building, and international collaboration to promote the sustainable use of plant genetic resources. Agricultural biodiversity, encompassing cultivated crops, wild species, and ecological functions, plays a vital role in food security, ecosystem resilience, and nutrition. Diversifying agricultural systems and diets can address global issues like “hidden hunger” and malnutrition while supporting sustainable and resilient food systems. Strengthening global networks, conserving genetic diversity, and fostering equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms are crucial for ensuring the availability of genetic resources for future generations and achieving sustainable agricultural development.