This chapter explains the role of industrial relations management in HRM. Industrial relations management is an important subsystem of the HRM system, and these two systems interact closely with each other. Therefore, those who study HRM must learn about industrial relations in depth. This chapter aims to clarify the functions of industrial relations management in HRM, by focusing on industrial relations in Japanese companies that have historically evolved through a unique path dependence. Readers must be aware of the differences between industrial relations in Japan and other countries. This chapter begins by comparing the characteristics of Japanese labor unions and industrial relations with those of other countries. Next, we summarize the various problems currently faced by labor unions in Japan. We then discuss the effort necessary to overcome these problems. Finally, we introduce the activities of individual affiliated unions trying to solve problems that enterprise unions cannot address. Finally, we provide a comprehensive, panoramic view of the future direction of industrial relations in Japan.