In recent decades, China has undergone rapid economic transformation, marked by unprecedented growth and urbanization. However, this trajectory has highlighted critical challenges related to environmental sustainability, regional economic disparities, and resource management. As the world’s most populous nation, China’s development strategies not only impact its own citizens but also resonate globally, influencing discussions on climate change, economic globalization, and sustainable development alongside initiatives such as the Belt and Road. This section explores these complex dynamics, emphasizing the urgent need for balanced growth that harmonizes economic advancement with environmental preservation and social stability. Through the lens of regional development convergence and the theory of resource and environmental carrying capacity, this chapter examines how China navigates these intricate issues to achieve sustainable and equitable development in the pursuit of societal well-being and environmental resilience. The objectives of this chapter are as follows: 1. To understand the patterns and mechanisms of regional development in China, focusing on the evolution and convergence dynamics between developed and underdeveloped regions. 2. To analyze the impact of globalization, climate change, and the Belt and Road Initiative on China’s regional economic development. 3. To evaluate strategies for achieving sustainable development by balancing economic growth with environmental protection in different regions in China. 4. To apply theoretical frameworks such as new economic geography and sustainable development theory to analyze regional economic disparities and propose policy recommendations for achieving balanced development.