Indonesia is rich in natural resources, but its keen focus on economic advancement has triggered environmental and societal issues, including climate change, biodiversity decline, habitat loss, flooding, and Indigenous land conflicts. In accordance with its aim of achieving the Indonesia 2045 vision, the government has introduced policies to attract businesses and investors, notably enacting the Omnibus Law (Law Number 11/2020) and the revised Mineral and Coal Mining Law, which have relaxed environmental protections. Consequently, there are concerns over escalating deforestation, intensification of mining, infrastructure projects under the national strategic initiative, and the potential spread of oil palm plantations to cover 15 million hectares. This chapter examines the laws, governance, and policies driving this development trajectory, emphasizing the government’s mining policies and their social and environmental ramifications. A qualitative method is used, encompassing policy analysis, literature scrutiny, and insights from East Kalimantan mining case studies, to underscore the pressing need for reform in natural resource management.