Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging offers high contrast between target and background tissues. Fluorescent probes, designed to target specific cancer antigens, enable the clear distinction of areas of interest from surrounding healthy tissues through fluorescent signals. Over the past decade, cancer research has identified numerous specific biological targets, such as receptors, antigens, and enzymes. These targets can be categorized based on their cellular location into cell membrane targets, intracellular targets, and extracellular targets.