In recent years, the global demand for sugar has surged due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and shifting dietary preferences, elevating the importance of sugarcane as both sugar and energy crop. With the trend for sugarcane production becoming increasingly focused on producing bioethanol and electricity to meet the growing global energy needs, there is an increased focus on activities in pre-breeding and the exploitation of accurate seed propagation that could transform sugarcane breeding. Genetically modified (GM) sugarcane has also emerged, particularly in Brazil, where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) and biolistic systems have facilitated the development of transgenic plants. Diagnostic markers are now becoming indispensable for introgression programs, prerequisites for genetic diversity studies, cultivar identification, and genetic mapping. Technologies like quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, alongside omics approaches including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, have contributed significantly to sustainable sugarcane production in response to climate change. While transcriptomic and metabolomic studies extended knowledge of gene regulation, micro-transcriptome studies carry further detailed insights into gene regulation, notably through the analysis of miRNA expression patterns that influence the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Molecular breeding techniques such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) have advanced. Integration of biotechnology into breeding platforms may continue genetic progress, as supported by recent genomic developments. This chapter comprehensively explores sugarcane breeding and emerging technologies, focusing on integrating modern tools such as genomic selection, micropropagation, and genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to advance sugarcane breeding. It delves into the historical context of sugarcane cultivation and breeding, highlights the evolution of genetically modified (GM) sugarcane, and examines the critical role of omics technologies in understanding gene regulation and improving the agronomically important traits.