The public availability of the complete genetic blueprint of sugarcane has significantly accelerated research in structural, functional, and applied sugarcane genomics. Current genome research initiatives are expanding beyond single-species representation to encompass the sequencing of multiple closely related genomes within a species. These endeavors leverage next-generation sequencing technologies, enabling more precise, efficient, and cost-effective genome sequencing, resequencing, and assembly at unprecedented depths. The sugarcane genomic resources developed thus far are invaluable for investigating its unique biology and enhancing the crop’s quality and productivity, particularly given its importance as a first-generation biofuel crop. Sugarcane cultivars have substantially benefited from biotechnological advancements, especially transgenic breeding techniques that complement conventional breeding approaches. While recent decades have focused on enhancing sugarcane breeding strategies, future research directions should prioritize the utilization of the extensive sugarcane genomic resources and advancements achieved through transgenic breeding methodologies.