Given its high yield and extensive cultivation, the rising global demand for sustainable energy sources has made sugarcane a key candidate for biofuel production. However, the genetic improvement of sugarcane through conventional breeding has reached a plateau, largely due to prolonged breeding cycles and limited genetic diversity. Emerging technologies, such as long-read sequencing have improved genome assembly accuracy; yet integrating this genomic data into practical breeding programs remains a significant hurdle. Ongoing global research and collaboration are crucial for leveraging sugarcane’s genetic potential to enhance its productivity and resilience for biofuel production. Recent advancements, including the “Sugarcane 100K SNP Array,” have enabled high-resolution mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), critical for improving yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. In addition to mapping, functional genomics techniques, such as RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing have been pivotal in dissecting gene functions. Molecular breeding approaches, including marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection (GS), quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, have significantly advanced sugarcane breeding for sustainable agriculture.