MicroRNAs are tiny, non-coding RNAs that play vital roles in regulating gene expression at the post-transcription level in plants. In sugarcane, a crop of significant economic value for sugar and biofuel production, miRNAs play a vital role in modulating key agronomic and physiological traits. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal in gene expression control, influencing plant growth, development, and reactions to environmental pressures. Understanding miRNA biogenesis and regulatory networks opens pathways for precise crop improvement. The application of miRNA-based methods in sugarcane marks a substantial leap forward in crop improvement, enabling precise manipulation of gene expression to enhance desired traits. Scientists have devised robust strategies to improve stress resilience, optimize growth, and increase yields in sugarcane by exploiting miRNA pathways. Each approach—be it transgenesis, target mimicry, or CRISPR-mediated editing—offers distinct benefits, ranging from fine-tuning gene expression to achieving non-transgenic modifications through topical applications. Computational tools and databases further boost these endeavors, facilitating predictive modeling and evolutionary analysis of miRNA-target interactions. Collectively, these techniques and resources constitute a comprehensive toolkit for sugarcane enhancement. In sugarcane, particular miRNAs have demonstrated considerable potential for improving resistance to abiotic stresses—such as drought, salinity, cold, and nutrient deficiencies—and biotic stresses from pathogens and pests. Key miRNAs identified in sugarcane’s response to abiotic stress include ssp-miR164 (targeting NAC transcription factors under drought conditions), miR159 (MYB protein regulation during salinity stress), and miR319 (cold response modulation). Furthermore, miRNAs such as miR156 and miR444 have increased resilience to nutrient limitations, illustrating the extent of miRNA involvement in abiotic stress responses. Biotic stress tolerance is similarly enhanced by miRNAs such as miR160 (targeting SCMV resistance pathways), sof-miR159c (regulating viral helicase ORF of SCMV), and miR444a (associated with defenses against fungal pathogens). These miRNAs, through their specific regulatory targets, activate pathways that enhance sugarcane against a range of stressors, highlighting the potential of miRNA-based genetic approaches to strengthen crop resilience. Ongoing investigation of miRNA-based technologies in sugarcane presents promising avenues for breeding resilient varieties. These discoveries open up new possibilities for sugarcane improvement, using miRNAs to enhance the plant’s resilience and productivity.