This chapter establishes the empirical foundation for the research presented in this book and provides a realistic basis for subsequent theoretical analysis. Section 3.1 explains why China is chosen as a representative case for developing countries and outlines the motivation for this study. Section 3.2 offers a detailed discussion on agricultural modernization, providing valuable insights for the subsequent exploration of this topic. Section 3.3 examines the distinct impacts of agricultural modernization in large-scale and small-scale agricultural systems.