To answer the questions “where do I come from” and “where am I going” is to answer the question “who am I” from a diachronic perspective. From a synchronic perspective, we can answer the question “who am I” at three different levels. This chapter explores these levels as they ramify in Chinese culture’s continual engagement of the question. The most obvious answer is that “I am the material construct by flesh and blood”, i.e., the base-self, which serves as the basis of cultural practices. For example, racism that has been rampant in the West takes this for its ground, categorizing people according to their phenotypic traits. The more sophisticated way to answer the question “who am I” is from a social perspective: “I am the sum-up of all my social relations”, i.e., the social-self. In ancient China, civilians were allowed only to participate in the social life of their family or family groups, not national, social politics. The development of a social self was thus severely curtailed. In the modern age, however, people have gradually won fuller participation in their social lives. The most sophisticated way to answer the question “who am I” is from the ideational perspective: “I am whatever my ideas are”. The three answers to the question “who am I” serve as background for a modern culture that advocates self-cultivation: from taking care of one’s body, to full participation in social life, all in the service of larger and larger circles of care, as well as tenacious work to develop one’s mind and ideas.