The key to the propagation of a cultural system lies in the moral system embodied by it. The moral system of traditional Chinese culture was created, developed and consummated by common people in their daily lives. Nameless in its early descent, these inherited practices were summarized, systematized, and elevated by Confucius. This chapter studies the success of Confucianism and argues that its influence lay in the development of a system of “Common Morality” that embraced, and was willingly practiced by, members of all social strata. Confucianism is compared here with Ancient Greek culture and its lack of a “Common Morality” that was not the exclusive province of a noble, elite, as well as Christianity, which in its first century incarnation bore more in common with the tenets and social functions of Confucianism and its “Common Morality” than the Greek system. The chapter traces the permutations of each system from the early political character of Christianity under the Ancient Roman Empire, to the religious reforms of the Renaissance that paved the way for the return of Ancient Greek philosophy and its methods and theories of truth seeking. The chapter proposes that the establishment of modern “Philosophy-Science,” which arose from this combination of western cultural inheritances, has only gradually been adopted in China, struggling to displace the deeply rooted system of Confucianism. Yet if Modern Chinese Culture is to be a success, it must establish a balance between its own “Common Morality” and the “Philosophy-Science.”