The essence of the research on which this thesis is based could be said to aim at replacing Checkland’s “actual belief structure” (W3), or culture, with “auto affection of appearing to us” (WIII) in Kimura’s sense, as “actuality” in the action of SSM. This allowed for the relationship between W1, W2, and W3 in SSM to be transferred into WI, WII, and WIII in C-SSM. It also meant that W1 is yielded by W2 affected by W3, while WI appears from WIII as an auto-affection without any medium like WII. As discussed in Sect. 6.2 , I found this out on the SSM course with Japanese people, who did not “see” the situation but “heard” it, or found themselves in the situation. Checkland also observes the same thing in SSM in action (1989, p. 118).