Surface engineering techniques for cellular micropatterningMicropatterning are emerging as important tools to clarify the effects of the microenvironment on cellular behavior, because cells usually integrate and respond the microscale environment, such as chemical and mechanical properties of the surrounding fluid and extracellular matrix, soluble protein factors, small signal molecules, and contacts with neighboring cells. Furthermore, recent progress in cellular micropatterning has contributed to the development of cell-based biosensors for the functional characterization and detection of drugs, pathogens, toxicants, and odorants. In this regard, the ability to control shape and spreading of attached cells and cell−cell contacts through the cell-adhesive patches with high precision is important. Commitment of stem cells to different specific lineages depends strongly on cell shape, implying that controlled microenvironments through engineered surfaces may not only be a valuable approach toward fundamental cell-biological studies but also of great importance for the design of cell culture substrates for tissue engineering. In particular, surface engineering techniques for cellular micropatterning as three-dimensional (3D) spheroids are focused on this review. To develop this kind of cellular microarray composed of a cell-resistant surface and cell attachment region, micropatterning a protein-repellent surface is important, because cellular adhesion and proliferation are regulated by protein adsorption. Thus, the focus of this review is on the surface engineering chemistries of biologically motivated micropatterning of two-dimensional non-fouling surfaces. Another exciting approach to cell delivery for tissue engineering is the use of 3D polymer structures (i.e., hydrogels) that can be injected into the body. This approach enables the clinician to transplant the cell and polymer combination in a minimally invasive manner. Hydrogels have structural similarity to the biomacromolecular-based components in the body and are considered biocompatible. Tissue engineering is a most recent application of hydrogels, in which they are used as scaffolds to engineer new tissues. In this review, we discuss the critical design parameters of hydrogels to be used in tissue engineering. Currently used hydrogels with potential applications in tissue engineering are divided into their natural or synthetic origin. Limitations of widely used gels from natural polymers have motivated approaches to modify these polymers as well as to use various synthetic polymers. A wide range of synthetic polymers may potentially have suitable chemical and physical properties for these applications. In addition, incorporation of growth factors and the role of mechanical signals to enhance tissue development will beBiointerfacediscussed3D culture as MicropatterningfuturePEGylationCell arraydirectionsHydrogel scaffold.

Spatiotemporal Dynamic Interfaces in Biomaterials

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发表日期：

2025年

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Hidenori Otsuka

摘要

Surface engineering techniques for cellular micropatterningMicropatterning are emerging as important tools to clarify the effects of the microenvironment on cellular behavior, because cells usually integrate and respond the microscale environment, such as chemical and mechanical properties of the surrounding fluid and extracellular matrix, soluble protein factors, small signal molecules, and contacts with neighboring cells. Furthermore, recent progress in cellular micropatterning has contributed to the development of cell-based biosensors for the functional characterization and detection of drugs, pathogens, toxicants, and odorants. In this regard, the ability to control shape and spreading of attached cells and cell−cell contacts through the cell-adhesive patches with high precision is important. Commitment of stem cells to different specific lineages depends strongly on cell shape, implying that controlled microenvironments through engineered surfaces may not only be a valuable approach toward fundamental cell-biological studies but also of great importance for the design of cell culture substrates for tissue engineering. In particular, surface engineering techniques for cellular micropatterning as three-dimensional (3D) spheroids are focused on this review. To develop this kind of cellular microarray composed of a cell-resistant surface and cell attachment region, micropatterning a protein-repellent surface is important, because cellular adhesion and proliferation are regulated by protein adsorption. Thus, the focus of this review is on the surface engineering chemistries of biologically motivated micropatterning of two-dimensional non-fouling surfaces. Another exciting approach to cell delivery for tissue engineering is the use of 3D polymer structures (i.e., hydrogels) that can be injected into the body. This approach enables the clinician to transplant the cell and polymer combination in a minimally invasive manner. Hydrogels have structural similarity to the biomacromolecular-based components in the body and are considered biocompatible. Tissue engineering is a most recent application of hydrogels, in which they are used as scaffolds to engineer new tissues. In this review, we discuss the critical design parameters of hydrogels to be used in tissue engineering. Currently used hydrogels with potential applications in tissue engineering are divided into their natural or synthetic origin. Limitations of widely used gels from natural polymers have motivated approaches to modify these polymers as well as to use various synthetic polymers. A wide range of synthetic polymers may potentially have suitable chemical and physical properties for these applications. In addition, incorporation of growth factors and the role of mechanical signals to enhance tissue development will beBiointerfacediscussed3D culture as MicropatterningfuturePEGylationCell arraydirectionsHydrogel scaffold.