Children’s exposure to dust in the air is concerning. It significantly impacts health risks, as the toxic substance in dust poses a long-term health hazard. The goal of this study was to assess indoor and outdoor carcinogenic metal levels in child development centers in the industrial city of Rayong Province, Thailand, to evaluate the health risk assessment. The results of carcinogenic metals in indoor dust levels ranged from 19.1 ± 1.4 to 59.8 ± 1.6 mg/kg for As, 2.6 ± 0.1 to 8.3 ± 0.1 mg/kg for Cd, 77.1 ± 4.2 to 319.0 ± 11.4 mg/kg for Cr, 37.2 ± 1.3 to 260.3 ± 3.3 mg/kg for Ni, and 45.7 ± 0.7 to 127.9 ± 10.9 mg/kg for Pb. The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb in the outdoor environment of the child development centers ranged from 21.7 ± 2.1 to 56.6 ± 1.1 mg/kg, 2.6 ± 0.1 to 3.9 ± 0.1 mg/kg, 75.2 ± 2.9 to 331.4 ± 33.7 mg/kg, 35.5 ± 1.2 to 218.7 ± 22.7 mg/kg and 53.6 ± 1.1 to 89.4 ± 1.1 mg/kg, respectively. In industrial areas, the construction of logistics and transportation facilities, as well as the development of well-established industrial estates and traffic, are the main sources of carcinogenic metals. Studies on the long-term health effects of indoor and outdoor carcinogenic metals in dust exposure have found that carcinogenic metals in dust do not have a significant impact on human cancer. Furthermore, adults are exposed to carcinogenic metals in dust at higher levels than children. The long-term effects of dust exposure may affect human health due to carcinogenic metal bioaccumulation in the body.