Integrating microalgae cultivation into urban surroundings through building-integrated systems (BIS) provides a long-term solution for increasing space efficiency. This study investigated the effects of light exposure time and carbon supplementation on microalgae growth, utilizing Chlorella sp. as a basic model and extending the results to Scenedesmus sp. The study was conducted at Mahidol University’s Faculty of Engineering building, where a specialized BIS for microalgae culture was developed. Chlorella sp. was chosen for its versatility and extensive use. The experimental results showed that a 12-h light exposure combined with a 0.01% carbon feed concentration enhanced Chlorella sp. growth, resulting in a 200% rise in optical density (OD) while being energy efficient. Approximately 45% of the carbon was recovered using 1.5 L of microalgae culture. Building on these discoveries, the study also looked at Scenedesmus sp. culture, highlighting its distinct physiological characteristics. This study offers insightful information about urban microalgae farming, emphasizing the necessity of tailored approaches to improve sustainability and productivity. The results encourage the integration of green technology into urban infrastructures to assist environmental sustainability by providing valuable guidelines for the design and management of BIS for microalgae.