Due to growing economic inequalities worldwide, the consequence is also health care disparities. The implications are even more adverse in developing and under-developed countries where the inequality gap is the highest and where there is a lack of Universal Health Coverage Scheme. The public health systems in major developing and under-developed countries are in deplorable conditions, increasing the dependency on private health-care providers. Due to a lack of universal standards on pricing and quality, private health care becomes unaffordable to marginalized sections, showcasing the stark income gaps among different economic groups. The public health initiatives by the Government in these countries play a major role in providing access to essential health care to these marginalized sections of society. The budget allocation of funds and resources for these initiatives has significant implications on the overall satisfaction in the health care system, leading to improvement in the standard of living, life expectancy, social indicators, the overall well-being of the citizens, and the overall ranking of the economy. This chapter is subdivided into the following sections to provide an understanding and brief review of the economics of health and public health initiatives: