Leveraging social media to enhance vaccination behaviors faces challenges such as a lack of informed strategies, low user engagement, and difficulties in maintaining engagement. To tackle these issues, we propose a systematic framework that integrates behavioral theory, human-centered design, and rigorous evaluation. This paper introduces the framework and assesses its feasibility through a case study, aiming to elucidate lessons learned and potential implications. The case study focuses on developing and evaluating a WeChat intervention to improve influenza vaccine uptake among Chinese university students in the UK. A three-course natural experimental design using mixed methods has been implemented among Chinese university students studying in the UK as the case study. In phase I, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using the Theoretical Domain Framework with mapping to the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour Model. In Phase II, three focus groups were held to collect feedback from users as evidence for a user-centered intervention design. In Phase III, pre- and post-survey was conducted in a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. The results showed that social media is a promising tool for enhancing vaccination knowledge and attitudes among Chinese university students and the proposed framework facilitates the intervention design process and provides insights into how it could be tailored to other contexts. Further evaluation is warranted to refine its usability and effectiveness across diverse intervention contexts.