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Plants face severe biotic stress, including pathogen invasion and herbivory, which significantly impacts plant growth and survival. To alleviate these constraints, plants have evolved a range of defense systems at the structure, biochemistry, and molecular biology levels. Morphological defenses, trichomes, wax layers, and rigidified walls can defend herbivores against herbivores and deflect pathogens from adhering. Biochemical defense (secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids) disrupts herbivore feeding and pathogen growth while phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) form the overall defense mechanisms. Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), respectively, triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effector molecules are established at the basis of plant–pathogen interactions as represented by a zigzag model. The modern development in biotechnology has overcome crop resistance to biotic stresses. Transgenic crops, such as Bt cotton and virus-resistant papaya, have reduced pesticide use, improved production, and contributed to sustainable cropping. Tools, including CRISPR-Cas9 and RNA interference (RNAi), provide molecularly precisely defined genetic changes—in terms of genetic modulation of susceptibility genes or repression of pest-specific genes. These methods are cofactors to conventional breeding techniques using molecular markers for the intelligent production of adaptive crop genotypes. This chapter reviews and explains some deep processes of plant resistance to biotic threats and their functions of phytohormonal signaling, transcriptional regulation, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. It also explains its innovative role in present biotechnological intervention, such as its contribution to the development of ecologically sound agricultural systems. Management of biotic stress using integrative strategies ensures food security, ecological stability, and resistance to climate change and the demands of the human world.

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Plant Defense Mechanisms Against Biotic Stress

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Mohammad Umar,
  • Abdul Razzak,
  • Mohd Anas,
  • Md Affan Parwez,
  • Mohammad Danish

摘要

Plants face severe biotic stress, including pathogen invasion and herbivory, which significantly impacts plant growth and survival. To alleviate these constraints, plants have evolved a range of defense systems at the structure, biochemistry, and molecular biology levels. Morphological defenses, trichomes, wax layers, and rigidified walls can defend herbivores against herbivores and deflect pathogens from adhering. Biochemical defense (secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids) disrupts herbivore feeding and pathogen growth while phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) form the overall defense mechanisms. Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), respectively, triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effector molecules are established at the basis of plant–pathogen interactions as represented by a zigzag model. The modern development in biotechnology has overcome crop resistance to biotic stresses. Transgenic crops, such as Bt cotton and virus-resistant papaya, have reduced pesticide use, improved production, and contributed to sustainable cropping. Tools, including CRISPR-Cas9 and RNA interference (RNAi), provide molecularly precisely defined genetic changes—in terms of genetic modulation of susceptibility genes or repression of pest-specific genes. These methods are cofactors to conventional breeding techniques using molecular markers for the intelligent production of adaptive crop genotypes. This chapter reviews and explains some deep processes of plant resistance to biotic threats and their functions of phytohormonal signaling, transcriptional regulation, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. It also explains its innovative role in present biotechnological intervention, such as its contribution to the development of ecologically sound agricultural systems. Management of biotic stress using integrative strategies ensures food security, ecological stability, and resistance to climate change and the demands of the human world.