Industrial and domestic processes have introduced substantial quantities of heavy metals in our surrounding environment. Beyond the permissible limits, heavy metals are known to impart significant detrimental impacts. In recent years, emphasis has been placed to introduce heavy metals removal strategies employing natural or prepared materials. In this aspect, there has been steady development in adsorption studies based on cellulose or cellulose-based hybrids. Carbohydrate-based biopolymers are main products of renewable sources like plants. Their unique structure, chemical stability and tendency to inclusion of various functional moieties represent them as apt sorbent resource. Among these, cellulose is considered as a suitable adsorbent material due to its abundant availability, low cost, biodegradable, and sustainable nature. Their potential for modification and conjugation with other materials especially nanoparticles endowed them with enhanced adsorption capabilities. Adsorptive removal efficiency of cellulose-based materials is comparable to that of many natural occurring and ion exchange resins. Further, their regenerative and reusability factor also facilitates the recovery of adsorbed metal ions. Cellulosic nanocomposites exhibit exceptional mechanical, optical, tensile, and barrier properties. In this chapter, cellulose-based nanohybrids for the removal of various heavy metals will be discussed. Their different types, adsorption capacity along with underlying interaction mechanism will be elaborated. Further, their removal efficiency will be compared with other adsorbents. In the end, future perspectives will be reviewed to improvised current practical applications.