In this chapter, we presented and discussed the various mechanical and chemical processes and sub-processes involved in the manufacture of textile materials such as yarns, fabrics, nonwovens, knits, carpets, and so on, from different raw materials of natural (vegetable, animal, and mineral) and chemical (synthetic) origin. Spinning, winding, warping, weaving, knitting, entangling, and making are all mechanical textile manufacturing processes that require electrical and thermal energy. Pre-treatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing are all wet textile finishing processes that necessitate the use of electrical and thermal energy, heat, water, hydrogen peroxide acids, bases, salts, auxiliaries, dyes, pigments, optical brighteners, additives, and so on. As a result, a large volume of effluent containing these various chemical compounds is produced, and it is sometimes discharged, directly or indirectly, into waterways without prior treatment.