Sociology is the study of society and social institutions like economic institutions. Corporate organizations are integral aspects of economic institutions functioning in human societies around the world. In contemporary times, especially with an emphasis on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), corporates are committed to operate in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner through functionally effective Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives and sustainable governance. CSR and sustainable governance are closely intertwined in the field of sociology, as both emphasize the need for businesses to balance economic, environmental, and social considerations to achieve long-term sustainability and positive societal impact. The present study makes an attempt to understand the phenomena of CSR and sustainable governance by undertaking a thematic review of the literature. Further, sociological theories have been employed to study the sociological relevance of CSR and sustainable governance by highlighting its impact on the tribal, rural, and urban societies in India.