The concluding chapter of the International Political Economy section addresses issues related to poverty, development assistance, and the movement of people, including refugees. The world comprises numerous nations, and a clear divide exists between developed and developing countries, characterized by substantial economic inequalities that often become deeply rooted. While efforts are made to address these disparities through development aid, instances of success are relatively few, leaving many developing nations in their current state. Individuals from these countries may seek opportunities abroad as economic migrants or may flee their homeland as refugees due to political oppression. Such migrations play a crucial role in shaping international political dynamics.