The world has witnessed increasing environmental damage caused by human activities and unsustainable practices in many industries that foster technological innovations for optimizing the use of natural resources, such as biomass. Various agricultural biomass is available in large quantities and can be a potential alternative source of feedstock material to produce value-added commodities via green biological approaches. Therefore, it is vital to understand the principal knowledge and processes involved in biomass bioconversion, including pretreatment with green solvents, selection of ideal microbial catalysts, configuration characteristics and relevant strategies to achieve high fermentation yields. This chapter discusses the chemical potential of agricultural biomass and developments in biotechnological adaptations for the production of value-added products, particularly bio-based building block chemicals, such as organic acids and sugar alcohols. The presentation also examines the past and present technological processes, the major industry players, technical approaches and strategies in developing and commercializing sustainable production of these chemicals from biomass. Finally, the challenges and future outlook in implementing biomass conversion and fermentation technologies are highlighted in this chapter.